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HOW S1IA1.L I VOTE? 



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CON'lluNTS. 



[ACIt 

Early Life of Candidates 5 

Public Life of Candidates Ci 

War Record of Caiididiitcs it 

Cliarges, with Answers, against Mr. Hlaine id 

Where Each Party's Strength Lies 23 

Records of the Two Parties 24 

National Changes under Republican Rule 26 

Tariff Planks of the Two Parties 27 

Testimonies on the Tariff Question 2'j 

The Taridand Wages : 

In Thread Factories 3t 

In Iron Mills 35 

In Woolen Mills 35 

In Potteries 36 

In Glasgow, Scotland 36 

In Germany 37 

Electoral Vote of the States 3S 



/ 



HOW SHALL I YOTls? 



EARLY LIFE OF 

Jamks Gii.i.EsriE Blaini;. 

Born Jan. 31, 1830, at Indian 
Hill Farm, Washington Co., 
Pa. 

Sent to school in Lancaster, Pa., 
1841. 

Graduated at Washington Col- 
lege, September, 1S47, with first 
honor in class of 33. 

Teacher in Western Military 
Institute, Blue Liclc Springs, 
Ky., 1S47-51. 

Married Miss Harriet Stanwood, 
of Augusta, Me., March, 1S51. 

Teacher in Pennsylvania Insti- 
tution for Instruction of the 
Blind, Philadelphia, 1852-54. 

Removed to Augusta, Me., in 
1S54. 

Began his career as an editor, 
1S54. 

John Alexander Lor.AN. 

Born in Murphysboro, 111., Feb. 
y, 1S26. 

Educated at home, no school be- 
ing near. 

Lieutenant in Mexican War, 1845- 
43. 



CANDIDATES. 

Steimien Grover Cleveland. 

Born in Caldwell, N. J., .March 
iS, 1837. 



Received academic education in 
Clinton, N. Y. 

Clerk in grocery store, Fayctte- 
ville, 1853. 



Teacher in New York Asylum 
for the Blind. 

Removed to Buffalo, 1S54, 

Studied law, and admitted to the 
bar, 1859. 

Thomas A. Hendricks. 
Born near Zanesville, O., 1S19. 

Removed to Shelby Co., Ind., 

1822. 
Graduated at Hanover College, 

1S41. 



PUBLIC LIFE. 



Blaine. 

became naluralizet] as American 
citizens. 

Made a speech, Feb. lo, 1S76, in 
opposition to Inllation. lie said : 

"We shall have discharged our 
fidl duty in Congress if we can ma- 
ture a measure which will steadi- 
ly advance our currency lo the 
specie standard." 

Speaker of the Hozise of Eepre- 
sentatives 1869-75 (three terms). 

Resolution presented by Hon. 
S. S. Cox (Dem.), of New York, 
at close of the XLI. Congress : 

Resolved, In view of the diffi- 
culties involved in the perform- 
ance of the duties of the presiding 
officer of this House, and of the 
able, courteous, dignified, and 
impartial discharge of those duties 
by Hon. J. G. Blaine during the 
present Congress, it is eminently 
becoming that our thanks be and 
they are hereby tendered to the 
Speaker thereof. 

The resolution was adopted. 

Resolution submitted by Hon. 
Samuel J. Randall (Dem.), of 
Pennsylvania, at the close of the 
first session of the XLII. Con- 
gress : 

Resolved, That the thanks of 
this House are due and are here- 
by tendered to James G. I^laine, 
Speaker of the House, for the 
able, prompt, and impartial man- 
ner in which he has discharged 
ihe duties of his office during the 
present session. 

The resolution was unanimous- 
ly adopted. 

Resolution offered at close of 
the XLH. Congress by Hon. 
Daniel Voorhees (Dem.), of Indi- 
ana, in these words : "I offer 



Cleveland. 



Mayor of Buffalo, N. Y., iSSo- 
82. 

Vetoed an ordinance appropriat- 
ing $300 for the proper ob- 
servance of Memorial Day. 



ruiu.ic 1.111. 



Bl.AI.NT. 

the following,' resolution. It lias 
the sincere sanction of my head 
and of my heart :" 

Ri-sphfii, That the thanks of 
this House arc due. and an- here- 
by tendered, to Hon. James G. 
Hlaine, for the distinguished 
ability and impartiality with 
which he has discharged the 
duty of Speaker of the House 
of Representatives of the XLU. 
Congress. 

The resolution was unanitnous- 
ly adopted. 

Resolution submitted by Hon. 
Orlando B. Potter (New York), at 
close of the XLIH. Congress : 

Rcspk'td, That the thanks of 
this House are due, and are 
hereby tendered, to Hon. James G. 
Blaine, for the impariiality, efli- 
ciency, and distinguished ability 
with which he has discharged the 
trying and arduous duties of his 
oflice during the XLHI. Con- 
gress. 

The resolution was unanimous- 
ly adopted. 

Ciuuiid.ite for the Fnsidcuthil 
uomi nation before the Rep. Na- 
tional Convention of 1S76. Re- 
ceived on first ballot 2i)3 votes 
out of 75S ; on the seventh and 
last ballot, 351 out of 756, R. B. 
Hayes being nominated. 

U. S. Senator 1S76-S1. 

Made a speech in 1S76 opposing 
the Electoral Commission Bill. 

Took a decided stand, in 1S77, 
against President Hayes's recog- 
nition of the Democratic Stale 
Governments in South Carolina 
and Louisiana. 



ClEVF.LANI). 



Governor pf Ne-i< York, iSS2-».}. 

Vetoed the bill abolishing con- 
tract child labor in the charitable 
and reformatory institutions of 
the Slate. 

Signed the bill reducing pilot- 
age fees 20 per cent. 

Vetoed the Five Cent Fare Bill, 
a measure calculated to enable 
workingmen and their families to 
reach the suburbs, away from the 
tenement districts, at all hours, by 
reducing the (are on the elevated 
railroads. 

Vetoed the bill limiting car- 
tlrivers' hours of labor to twelve 
hours per day. 

Vetoed the Mechanics' Lien 
Law, a bill designed to give labor 
the first lien on a building in 
course of erection. 

Vetoed the Tenure of Office 
Bill, which provided that appoint- 
ments made by the present Mayor 
of New York should not hold 
gond beyond his term of oflice— a 
measure aimed at H.O.Thomp- 
son, Commissioner of Public 
Works, New York, and his crook- 
ed %<yY) contracts. 



PUBLIC LIFE 



Blaine. 

Offered a substitute to the 
Bland Silver Bill, authorizing the 
free coinage of the standard 
silver dollar, and restoring its 
legal-tender character. His sul)- 
stitute provided that the silver 
dollar should contain 425 grains, 
so as to make it of equal value 
with a gold dollar. The substi- 
tute was defeated. Thereafter 
Mr. Blaine opposed the Bland 
Silver Bill. 

Made a speech advocating re- 
strictions on the importation of 
Chinese laborers. 

Made a speech, May i, 187S, 
opposing the appointment of a 
Tariff Commission. 

Candidate for Presidential nomi- 
nation before the Rep. National 
Convention of 1880. Received 
on first ballot 284 votes out of 
755 ; on the thirty-sixth and last 
ballot all his strength was thrown 
to Gen. Garfield, and the latter 
was nominated. 

Secretary of State (under Gar- 
field) 1881, resigning when Vice- 
President Arthur became Presi- 
dent. 

Demanded a modification of 
the Clayton-Buhver Treaty with 
England, in order that the United 
Stales might maintain such super- 
vision over the Panama Canal 
"as will protect our national 
interests." 

Endeavored to bring about an 
early peace between Chili and 
Peru. His instructions were mis- 
understood by Minister Hurlbut, 



Cleveland. 

Signed a bill compelling every 
engineer to pay $2 for his cer- 
tificate of examination, the pro- 
ceeds to go to the Police Pension 
Fund. 

Vetoed a bill providing for ihe 
relief of a one-armed Union vet- 
eran, James Young, who was 
made an almost helpless cripple, 
by an accident, while he was per- 
forming his duties as employe in 
the Capitol at Albany- 
Vetoed a bill (for which every 
G. A. R. Post in the State peti- 
tioned) making it a misdemeanor 
for any one not an honorably dis- 
charged soldier or sailor to wear 
a G. A. R. badge. 

Vetoed a bill providing that 
every honorably discharged sol- 
dier or sailor shall be furnished by 
the Stale with an engraved certifi- 
cate of discharge. 



I'flU.IC l.IKK. 



II 



ami a special Commission was 
sent. Hcfore it coukl act Mr. 
Arthur became Prcsiiient ami the 
Commission was recalled. 

Invited all the independent 
Governments of North and South 
America to meet in a Peace Con- 
gress at Washington, March 15, 
1882. The followinggovernments 
had accepted the invitation when 
the change of administration oc- 
curred, namely : Guatemala, Sal- 
vador, Nicaragua, Me.\ico, Peru, 
Brazil, Venezuela, and Homluras. 
The following is an extract from 
the letter of invitation : 

" Impressed by these views, 
the President extends to all the 
independent countries of North 
and South America an earnest 
invitation to participate in a 
general Congress to be held In 
the city of Washington on the 
24th day of November, 1S82, for 
the purpose of considering and 
discussing the methods of pre- 
venting war between the nations 
of America, lie desires that the 
attention of the Congress shall be 
strictly confincil to this one great 
object ; that its sole aim shall be 
to seek a way of permanently 
averting the horrors of cruel and 
bloody combat between countries, 
oftenest of one blood and speech, 
or the even worse calamity of in- 
ternal commotion and civil strife." 



ClJAKLA.M). 



WAR RECORD OT 
Blaink. 

E.xtract from editorial in Kcitttebec 

Journal, 1S55 : 

"There might be some reason 
for the counsel to compromise 
where the issue is not one of 



CANDIDATES. 

Clkvuland. 

Drafted for the war in 1863, 
while serving as assistant district- 
attorney, and procured a substi- 
tute. 



WAR RECORD. 



Blaine. 

morals, or is doubtful and un- 
defined ; but when asked to com- 
promise with an undisguised, 
open, hideous wrong, lilvc slavery, 
— never !" 

Delegate to National Rep. Con- 
vention, iS6o, and an active work- 
er for Lincoln's nomination. 

Made a speech in Maine State 
Senate, 1862, advocating the con- 
fiscation of the property of rebels. 

Advocated, in a speech before 
Congress, the measure providing 
for enlistment of colored troops. 
E.Ktract from letter of acceptance, 

on re-election to Congress, 

1S64 : 

" Peace, on the basis of dis- 
union, is a delusion. It is no 
peace at all. . . . Those who 
cry for the ' immediate cessation 
of the war' are the best advo- 
cates of its endless continuance. 
They mean peace by the recog- 
nition of Rebel Independence, 
and Rebel Independence is abso- 
lutely incompatible with peace." 

Originated and successfully 
carried through the proposition 
to reimburse the loyal States for 
expenses Incurred in the war. 

Advocated, in a speech in Con- 
gress, the amendment to the 
Constitution providing that the 
basis of representation in Con- 
gress be the number of voters, 
not the population. 
In an article in the North 

Amei-ican Rcvictu, in 1870, Mr. 

Blaine wrote : 

" For the ballot to-day, im- 
perfectly enjoyed as it is by the 
negro, its freedom unjustly and 



Cleveland. 



Voted throughout the war for 
the Democratic ticket. 

N'ote. — Mr. Cleveland was first 
entitled to vote in 1856. In i860 
the Democratic party was a pro- 
fessedly pro-slavery party ; in 
1864, in its platform, it denounced 
the war as a failure ; in 1S66 it 
denounced negro suffrage. 



WAR RKCnkD. 



X3 



Bl.AIN'E. 

illegally curtailed, its indepen- 
dence ruthlessly marred, its purity 
defiled, is withal and after all tiie 
stronjj shield the race has aj^ainst 
a form of servitude which would 
have all the cruelty and none of 
the alleviations of the old slave 
system, whose destruction carried 
with it tiie shedding of so nuich 
innocent blood." 
In a speech, in 1S76, on a bill 
granting general amnesty to all 
rebels, Mr. Blaine opposed its 
including Jeflerson Davis, in 
the following words : 
" It is not because of any par- 
ticular and special damage that 
he, above others, diii to the 
Union, or because he was person- 
ally or especially of consequence, 
that I except him. But I except 
him on this ground : That he was 
the author, knowingly, deliber- 
ately, guiltily, and wilfully, of 
the gigantic murders and crimes 
at Andersonville." 

Logan. 

Enlisted as private in Mexican 
War, 1S45, at the age of 19 ; be- 
came lieutenant ; served as adju- 
tant of his regiment, ist Illinois, 
and came out as quartermaster. 

Was a Democratic Congress- 
man in i860, but upon Lincoln's 
election, and threats in the South, 
he avowed his intention of seeing 
Lincoln inaugurated, if he had to 
shoulder a musket and go to 
Washington. 

Extract from a speech in tbellouse 
of Representatives, in 1S60 : 
" I have been taught to believe 
that the preservation of this glo- 
rious Union, with its broad Hag 



Cl.F.VKI.ANI). 



Hendricks. 
In the beginning of his career 
in Congress he voted to extend 
slavery by breaking down the 
Missouri Compromise. 



Early in the war, when efTorts 
were being made to induce the 
States of the North-west to with- 
draw from the Union and form 
a government of their own, he 
said, in a speech : 
" If the war being prosecuted 
shall have the cfTect of abolishing 
our market in the .South, by de- 
stroying the peculiar system of 
labor in that section, then I 
would advise the North-west to 
look out for itself." 



14 



WAR RECORD. 



Logan. 

■waving over us as the shield for 
our protection on land and on 
sea, is paramount to all the par- 
ties and platforms that ever have 
existed or ever can exist. I 
■would to-day, if I had the power, 
sink my own parly and every 
other one, with all their platforms, 
into the vortex of ruin, without 
heaving a sigh or shedding a tear, 
in order to save the Union, or even 
stop the revolution where it is." 
Extract from a letter, i860 : 

" I am for the Union, and for 
maintaining it, if such a thing be 
possible, and am uncompromis- 
ingly opposed to any man or 
set of men that countenance dis- 
union, ■vvith its horrible conse- 
quences. There is no sacrifice I 
■would not make for it." 

Enlisted as a private, in 1861, 
in a Michigan regiment. Partici- 
pated in the battle of Bull Run, 
and was one of the last to leave 
the field. 

Raised a regiment, 31st Illinois, 
and took the field in September, 
1S61, writh McClernand's brigade. 

Was badly wounded in the as- 
sault on Fort Donelson. 

As Major-General of Volun- 
teers, commanded the Third Di- 
vision, 17th Army Corps, under 
McPherson, in the movement 
against Vicksburg, in 1863. 
Extract from Address to the 

Army, 1863 : 

"March bravely ox^waro ! 
Nerve your strong arms to the 
task of overthrowing every ob- 
stacle in the pathway of victory, 
until, with shouts of triumph, the 
last gun is fired that proclaims us 
a United People under the old 
Flag and one Government ! Pa- 



Hendricks. 

In February, 1863, during Lin- 
coln's administration, he said, 
in a speech : 

" If Congress would take a bun- 
dle of switches and switch them all 
out of the White House, it would 
be well for the people ; but until 
that is done, it will not be well. 
You may hear the prayers in our 
churches ; your sons may go out 
to the battle-field ; but our coun- 
try is not to be restored as it 
was until Abolitionism is buried, 
never to be resurrected." 



In a speech in 1S63, he opposed 
the authorizing of colored troops. 



At the close of the war, in the 
Senate, he contended against the 
right of Congress or the people to 
abolish slavery by constitutional 
amendment. 



He voted against all the consti- 
tutional amendments of the re- 
construction period. 



WAU KKiOlM). 



»5 



Lor. AN. 

Iriot Soldiers, this preat worl; 
accomplished, the reward for 
such service as yours will be real- 
ized ; the blessings and honors 
of a gratelul people will be 
yours." 

Succeeded Gcner:d Shcrm.iii in 
command of the 15th Corps, Nov., 
1363. 

At the battle of Atlanta he 
succeeded Gen. McPhcrson, on 
the iatler's fall, and rallied llic 
Union forces. 

Extracts from a speech at Chica- 
go, 1863 : 

" Why is it that the people- 
must be discouraged ? If a man is 
a true man to his ^tJ^erninent, he 
never will in its darkest hour do 
anything to discourage that gov- 
ernment. It is the dark hour of 
this country now. It is the 
period of its gravest trials. Stand 
by your country now. Now is 
the time to do it, so that sooner or 
later her victories will be won." 

" No man can be neutral — he 
must be one or the other — he 
must beli°ve the government is 
right in using its force against 
the rebels, or that it is wrong ; 
and when we find men using all 
their talents, ingenuity, ability, 
and influence against our own 
Government and cause, he may 
pronounce as often as he pleases, 
and declare himself, every day a 
thousand times, to be a good 
Union man, but it is false, and 
everybody can see it that will." 

" For my part, I have no opin- 
ion I desire to conceal. Demo- 
crats, Republicans — all ought to 
be for restoring this Government, 
with every inch of soil, as it was 
before traitors despoiled it. To 
accomplish this, if necessary, I 
am in favor of using the last 



IIkndkicks. 

He was one of three Senators 
to vote lor a proposition that no 
colored man should b- allowed to 
vote unless he was wortlt $250 
in iiis own or his wife's right. 



-It a banquet given to (icncral 
Sherman, during a reunion of 
veterans, the Indiana soldiers 
would not sufTer Mr. Hendricks 
to speak, because of his altitude 
during the war. 



In the year 1S63, he said, in a 

speech : 

" I am ready to compromise at 
any time. I am ready to say to 
the people of the South, ' Come 
in again and we will secure to you 
your Constitutional rights, and, if 
you desire them, additional guar- 
antees.' If there is any man who 
desires to continue fighting, and 
spending the people's money and 
lives, I do not sympathize with 
him." 



In a speech made same year, 
1863, he said of the Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation : 
" I do not know whether thai 
proclamation is going to be taken 
back or not ; I am going to vote 
I to take it back the first opportu- 
I nity I get. It was a wicked thing 
I to have issued." 



i6 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Logan. 

dollar, of filling the last ditch 
with human gore, and making 
bridges of human carcasses, if the 
Government can in no other way 
be restored." 



Hendkicks, 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS, AGAINST MR. BLAINE. 



"If you would be a man, have plenty of enemies.'" — Tallcyratid. 
" One must be somebody in order to have an enemy ; one must be a force before 
he can be resisted by another force." — Mtne. Szuetchine. 



Charges. 

Charfje No. ^.— That Mr. 
Blaine's religion, if he has any, 
leans toward Catholicism. 

Origin of theCharge: Mr. Blaine 
stated, March lo, 1876, in response 
to questions : — 

" My ancestors on my father's 
side were, as you know, always 
identified with the Presbyterian 
Church, and they were prominent 
and honored in the old colony of 
Pennsylvania. But I will never 
■consent to make any public dec- 
laration upon the subject, and 
for two reasons : First, because I 
abhor the introduction of any- 
thing that looks like a religious 
lest or qualification for office in a 
republic where perfect freedom of 
conscience is the birthright of 
every citizen ; and, second, be- 
cause my mother was a devoted 
Catholic. I would not for a thou- 
sand Presidencies speak a disre- 
spectful word of my mother's 
religion, and no pressure will 
draw me into any avowal of hos- 
tility or unfriendliness to Catho- 
lics, though I have never received, 
and do not expect, any political 
support from them." 



Answers. 

A nsiver toChargcNo. 1,— 

E.xtract from a letter from Rev. 
James H. Ecob, formerly Mr. 
Blaine's pastor, dated June i8th, 
1SS4 ;— 

" Mr. and Mrs. Blaine united 
on confession of faith with the 
Old South Congregational Church, 
Augusta, Me., in 1S53. 
They are greatly beloved and 
honored in the church. Still 
more, they and their households 
and their guests are always in 
their places on Sundays. The 
children are in the Sabbalh-school; 
and, once more, they contribute 
generously to the support of the 
church by their gifts, their influ- 
ences, and their wise counsels. 
Mrs. Blaine comes of 
the old New England Stanwood 
stock, which has been Congre- 
gational from the beginning. . . . 
Mr. Blaine is not a Catholic, antl 
from the above citation of facts, 
it is plain that he never has been 
since coming to man's estate. 
. . . If any one asks for my 
authority, it is this : From 1S72 
to iSSi I was pastor of the 
church in Augusta, of which the 
Blaines arc members," 



CIIARGKS, WITH ANSWERS. 



»7 



CiiAur.F.s. 

Charge yo. V.— That Mr. 
Blaine entered Congress ;i poor 
man, and is now immensely 
wealthy. Where did he get his 
money ? 

Origin of the Charge : It arose 
simply from the supposition that 
Mr. Blaine's wealth reaches into 
the millions, and he started life 
as a poor boy. 



Charge No. 5.— That Mr. 
Blaine received from the Union 
Pacific Railroad Company the 
sum of $64,000, in 1S71, whih he 
was a Congressman. E. H. Rol- 
lins, Treasurer of the company, 
was cited as authority. It was 
averred that the money was paid 
through Morton, Bliss & Co., 
bankers, of New York. 

Origin of the Charge .'It was 
never made definitely and openly, 
but arose just before the Repub- 
lican National Convention of 1S76, 
to defeat Blaine's chances for the 
nomination. The charge was put 
forward a few months after Mr. 
Blaine's severe speech, opposing 
the amnesty of Jefferson Davis. 
(Sec war record, p. 13.) 



A.NSUKItli. 

A n.urrrto Charge \(>. 'J.- 
Mr. Blaine has for twenty years 
owned a valuable coal tract ol 
several hundred acres near Pitts- 
burg, Pa., which yielded him 
considerable revenue before he 
entered Congress. Everyone knows 
that region has developed marvel- 
lously since then. 

Hon. Wm. Walter Phelps, Con- 
gressman for New Jersey, for 
years Mr. Blaine's financial ad- 
viser, says : " I personally know 
that he [Mr. Bl.iine| was never 
the possessor of the half of one 
million." 

The " palatial mansion " he 
was said to own in Washington, 
he sold, with all its furniture, not 
long ago, for $24,500. 

Ausirvv to Charge Xo. .?. 

— The following letter was written 
to Mr. Blaine, under date March 
31, 1S76, and read before the 
House of Representatives : 

" In response to your inquiry, 
I beg leave to stale that I have 
been treasurer of the Union Pa- 
cific Railroad Co. since April 8, 
1S71, and have necessarily known 
of all disbursements made since 
that date. During that entire 
period, up to the present time, I 
am sure that no money has been 
p.Tid in any way or to any person, 
by the company, in which you 
were interested in any manner 
whatever. I make this statement 
in justice to the company, to you, 
and to myself. 

" E. n. Rollins." 

Ltllcr, under date April 13, 



i8 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Charges. 



Charge No. 4. — That a draft 
was negotiated at the house of 
Morton, Bliss & Co., through 
Thos. A. Scott, then President of 
the Union Pacific Railroad Co., 
for the sum of $64,000 ; and that 
$75,000, in bonds of the Little 
Rock and Ft. Smith R. R. Co. 
were pledged as collateral. It 
was claimed that Mr. Blaine, or 
some one in his interest, had fur- 
nished this collateral to Mr. Scott, 
and that the cash proceeds of the 
transaction with Morton, Bliss 
& Co. went to Mr. Blaine or 
some friend of his. 

Origin of ike Charge : It was 
an outgrowth from the preced- 
ing charge, the two letters given 
above making it necessary to 
modify the charge in some way. 



Answers. 

1876, to Mr. Blaine, read before 
the House of Representatives : 

" It has been suggested to us 
that our letter of the 6th instant 
was not suf^ciently inclusive or 
exclusive. In that letter we stated 
that no draft, note, or check, or 
other evidence of value has ever 
passed through our books, in 
which you were known or sup- 
posed to have any interest, direct 
or indirect. It may be proper 
for us to add that nothing has 
been paid by us, in any form or 
at any time, to any person or 
corporation, in which you were 
known, believed, or supposed to 
have any interest whatever. 
" Morton, Bliss & Co." 

Ansivcr to Charge No. 4. 

— Extract of letter, April, 1S76, 
from Sidney Dillon, President of 
the Union Pacific R. R. Co., to 
Thos. A. Scott, president, in 
1871, of same company : 

" These statem.ents are injuri- 
ous both to Mr. Blaine and to the 
Union Pacific R. R. Co. There 
never were any facts to warrant 
them, and I think that a state- 
ment to the public is due both 
from you and myself. I desire, 
as president of the company, to 
repel any such inference in the 
most emphatic manner, and would 
be glad to hear from you." 

Extract of letter from Thos. A. 
Scott to Sidney Dillon, dated 
April 21, 1876 : 

" In reply, I beg leave to state 
that, much as I dislike the idea of 
entering into any of the contro- 
versies that are before the public 
in these days of scandal, from 
which ])ut few men in public life 
seem to be exenij)t, I feel it my 



CIIAKCl S, WITH ANSWERS. 



>9 



CHAKC.F.S. 



Charge No, />.— That while 
Mr. Blaine occupied the Speaker's 
chair, In 1869, a bill was brought 
in to renev/ a land grant made 
before the war, to the Little Rock 
and Fort .Smith Railroad. A bill 
to grant land to the Memphis, 
El Paso, and Pacific Railroad 
was sought to be attached as an 
amendment to the former bill. 
The effect would have been to 
weaken the Little Rock Bill. Mr. 
Blaine, then in the chair, sent 
word to Senator Logan to raise 
the point of order that the amend- 
ment was not germane to the'bill. 
Senator Logan raised the point of 
order ; it was sustained ; the 
amendment was killed, and the 
bill was saved. Mr. Blaine, the 
charge runs, wrote at once to the 
promoters of the bill, calling at- 
tention to his services, and being 
therefor made a selling-agent of 
the bonds of the road, and receiv- 
ing a number of such bonds as his 
percentage. 

Origin of the CJmrgi : As the 
preceding charges missed fire, 
and the probability that Mr. 



Answf.rs. 

duty to state : That the Little 
Rock and Ft. Smith bonds, pur-i 
chased by the Union Pacific R. 
R. Co. in 1S71, were not pur- 
chased or received from Mr. 
Blaine, directly or indirectly ; 
and that of the money paid by 
the Union Pacific R. R. Co., or 
of the avails of said bonds, not 
one dollar went to Mr. Hlaine, or 
to any person for him, or for his 
bcnclit in any form." 

Answer to Charge No./i. 

— (rt) The Little Rock P.ill is not 
denied to have been a perfectly 
proper bill. It passed both Sen- 
ate and Mouse wit/wut a Jissenlin;^ 
vote. 

{!)) The point of order is not 
denied to have been a legitimat*^ 
one. How Mr. Blaine came to 
suggest it is seen from the follow- 
ing extract from the letter to Jlr. 
Fisher, which forms the sole basis 
for the charge. The letter runs 
as follows : 

"In this dilemma [when the 
unpopular amendment h.ad been 
attached] Roots, the Arkansas 
member, came to me to know 
what on earth he could do under 
the rules, for he said it was vital 
to his constituents that the bill 
shouUl pass. 1 told him that the 
amendment was entirely out of 
order because not germane, but 
he had not sufficient confidence in 
his knowledge of the rules to 
make the point. But he saicl 
General Logan was opposed to 
the Fremont scheme, and would 
probably make it. I sent my 
page to General Logan with the 
suggestion, and he at once made 
the point." 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Charges. 

Blaine would be nominated grew 
stronger, the ground of accusation 
was again shifted. This time it 
was based on the so-called Mulli- 
gan letters (concerning which, see 
next charge.) 



Answers. 

(,) That Mr. Blaine wrote to 
Mr. Fisher, a Boston merchant, 
who became identified with the 
Little Rock Road, is true. But 
the letter was written eighty days 
after Congress adjourned, and 
ran as follows : 

" At that time [during the pas- 
sage of the bill spoken of above] 
I had never seen Mr. Caldwell, 
but you can tell him that, without 
knowing it, I did him a great 
favor." 

That is the sentence on which 
the whole charge of corruption is 
based. Notice, no favor is asked. 
Mr. Fisher and Mr. Caldwell had 
nothing to do with the control of 
the Little Rock Road when the 
bill passed ; it came into their 
hands afterward. The bill passed 
in April, 1S69. At that time 
Blaine stated under oath he 
did not know there was such a 
man as Caldwell. At that time 
Mr. Fisher, as he himself stated, 
did not know there was any such 
enterprise as the Little Rock Rail- 
road. The evidence of these 
assertions was laid before Con- 
gress, and 7vas nevo' contradicted. 

{d) That Mr. Blaine asked to 
be made selling-agent of Little 
Rock bonds was disproved when 
the correspondence was made 
public. No such request or any 
thing like it appears. A>id he 
in'7'er was made selling-agent. 

{e) That Mr. Blaine obtained 
an interest in the bonds of the 
Little Rock Road is true. He ad- 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Charges. 



Charge Xo. 6*.— The "Mul- 
ligan" letters were private letters 
from Mr. Blaine to his friend War- 
ren Fisher, of Boston, In some 
way they were obtained by James 
Mulligan, and just before the 
Republican Convention of 1876, 
rumors of all sorts were started 
as to the damning disclosures 
these letters were to make. There 
v/as no hope that the Democratic 
Committee, then investigating the 
affairs of the Pacific Railroad, 
would settle the matter before the 
convention met. At this junct- 



Answers. 

mittcd it frankly before Congress. 
But he (lid not even begin to ne- 
gotiate for the bonds until two 
and a half months after Congress 
adjourned. lie paid for liicm at 
the regular price, as he declared, 
on the floor of Congress, in these 
words : 

" Instead of receiving bonds of 
the Little Rock and Fort Smith 
Road as a gratuity, I never liad 
one except at the regular market 
price." 

This is confirmed publicly by 
Hon. William Walter Phelps, 
Congressman fron) New Jersey, 
for years Blaine's financial advi- 
ser, in the following words : 

"What interest, then, did Mr, 
Blaine obtain? An interest in 
the securities of the company. 
How ? By purchase on the same 
terms as they were sold on the 
Boston market to all applicants, 
sold to Josiah Bardwell, to Elisha 
Atkins, and to other reputable 
merchants." 

Answer to Charge Xo. (J. 

— A letter from London to Proc- 
tor Knott, chairman of the investi- 
gating committee, exonerating 
Mr. Blaine from certain half-hinted 
charges, was suppressed by Mr, 
Knott. This came to Mr. Blaine's 
knowledge, and led him to sup- 
pose that the committee was pur- 
posely delaying action, in order 
that his (Mr. Blaine's) chances 
for nomination might thereby 
be injured. He resolved upon 
prompt action. He did go to Mr. 
Mulligan and solicit the letters 



CHARGES, WITH ANSWERS. 



Charges. 

urc, it is charged, Mr. Blaine 
went to Mulligan and solicited 
the letters. Mulligan stated that 
Mr. Blaine " prayed, almost went 
on his knees, and implored me to 
think of his six children and his 
wife, and said that if the com- 
mittee should get hold of this 
communication it would ruin him 
forever." Mr. Mulligan also said 
Mr. Blaine asked him if he would 
not like to have a consulship 
abroad. Mr. Blaine finally pre- 
vailed on Mr. Mulligan to give 
him the letters, promising, it is 
said, to return them. He read 
some of the letters before Con- 
gress. Others, it is charged, he 
did not read, and when Mr. Mul- 
ligan requested the return of the 
letters, Mr. Blaine refused to ful- 
fil his promise. 



Answers. 

the latter had. That he told Mr. 
Mulligan " if the committee 
should get hold of this communi- 
cation it would ruin him forever," 
Mr. Blaine denied on his oath. 
That he asked Mr. Mulligan if he 
would like a consulship abroad, 
Mr. Blaine also denied oti his 
oath. There were no witnesses 
to the interview. Mr. Blaine 
obtained the letters. They were 
read by him before the House of 
Representatives, thereby going 
on record in the Congressional 
reports. It was afterward claimed 
that the most damaging letters 
had not been read. But Mr. 
Mulligan's memorandum of the 
letters was soon after produced, 
and the number and index there- 
in corresponded exactl^^'ith the 
letters read by Mr. Blaine before 
Congress. That portion of the 
letters which it had been an- 
nounced was to incriminate Mr. 
Blaine, has been given in the 
preceding answer. 



The late Judge yereiniah Black, of Pennsylvania, for years one of the 
foremost leaders of the Deinoiratic party, one of the keenest of law- 
yers, made the following statement concerning Charge No. 5 (the 
principal charge in the series), after personal investigation : " Mr. 
Blaine's letters proved that the charge was not only untrue, but im- 
possible, and would continue so to prove until the Gregorian Calendar 
could be turned around and October made to precede April in the 
stately procession of the year." 

Senator Ha^vlcy, of Connecticut : " I do afhrm that so far as James 
G. Blaine is concerned, he is above reproach." 

Senator George F. Iloar.oi Massachusetts, referring to Charge No. 5 : 
" The malice of his detractors brings against his personal integrity 



WHK.IiK l-.ACH TAKTY S STRENGTH LIKS. 



23 



a single charge, whicli is supported by no proof iimi rcfulcil l>y every 
witness who i<no\vs tlie facts, and a single phrase in a letter which is 
fully susceptible of an honest construction." 



WHERE EACH PARTY'S STRENGTH LIF.S. 



Ricruiu.icAN States. 

(Arranged according to size of 
majority.) 
States. Majority. 

1S76. 18S0. 

Iowa 59.-^5 44.789 

Massachusetts. .41,286 47,898 

Kansas 32,517 41,862 

Minnesota 21,630 37,035 

\'ermont 24,078 26,036 

Nebraska 14,366 22,491 

Michigan 15.542 17,591 

Pennsylvania. ..17,980 17,625 

Ohio 2,747 25,155 

Wisconsin 2,960 21,605 

Maine 15,529 4,225 

Illinois 2,397 13,762 

Rhode Island. . . 4,947 7,155 

New Hampshire 3,030 3,341 

Colorado 1,368 

Oregon 947 519 



DkMoLRATIC SI/VTKS. 

(Arranged according to si/c of 
majority.) 
States. Majority. 

1876. i38o. 

Te.xas 60,000 80,529 

Georgia 79,602 48,384 

Kentucky 59.799 3', 005 

Mississippi 49,569 34.422 

Missouri 54.544 19.907 

Alabama 34, 281 30,322 

Tennessee 43,f"x^ 16,132 

Virginia 44,112 i2,Sio 

Maryland I9,799 15,191 

Arkansas 19,402 14,260 

North Carolina.. 17,010 8,334 

West \'irginia. .13,076 2,069 

New Jersey 12,445 2,010 

Delaware 2,629 i, 142 



Note. — Each of the other States gave a Republican majority one 
year and a Democratic majority the other, as follows : 



1876. i38o. 

Cal...Rep. 2,767 Dem. 39 

Conn.Dem. 2,900 Rrp. 2,656 

Fla...Rep. 922 Dcm. 4.2(p 

Ind...Dem. 5,516 Rep. 6,642 





1876. 




1880. 


La. . . Rep. 


4.S07 


Dem. 


26,617 


Nev. . Rep. 


I, "75 


Dcm. 


770 


N. Y. Dem. 


8,896 


Rep. 


5.86a 


S.Car.Rcp. 


S.JO 


Dcm. 


53,668 



24 



RECORDS OF THE TWO PARTIES. 
(N.B. — For the planks on the Tariff question, see p. 27.) 



Republican Platforms. 

Extracts from first platform, 1856 : 
"That as our Republican fa- 
thers, when they had abolished 
slavery in all of our national ter- 
ritory, ordained that no person 
should be deprived of life, liberty, 
or property, without due process 
of law, it becomes our duty to 
maintain this provision of the 
Constitution against all attempts 
to violate it, for the purpose of 
establishing slavery in any terri- 
tory of the United States." 

" That appropriations by Con- 
gress, for the improvement of 
rivers and harbors, of a national 
character, required for the accom- 
modation and security of our 
existing commerce, are authorized 
by the Constitution, and justified 
by the obligation of Government 
to protect the lives and property 
of its citizens." 

" It is both the right and the 
duty of Congress to prohibit in 
the territories those twin relics of 
barbarism — polygamy and sla- 
very." 

Extract from platform of 1S60 : 

" We deny the authority of 
Congress, of a territorial Legisla- 
ture, or of any individuals, to give 
legal existence to slavery in any 
territory of the United States." 

Extract from platform of 1^64 : 

" That we approve the deter- 
mination of the Government of 
the United States not to com- 
promise with rebels, nor to offer 
any terms of peace except such 
as may be based upon an ' un- 
conditional surrender' of their 
hostility and a return to their just 
allegiance to the Constitution and 
laws of the United States, and 



Democratic Platforms. 

Extracts from platform of 1S56, 

readopted in 1S60 : 

" That all efforts of the aboli- 
tionists, or others, made to induce 
Congress to interfere with ques- 
tions of slavery, or to take incipi- 
ent steps with relation thereto, 
are calculated to lead to the most, 
alarming and dangerous conse- 
quences." 

" The Democratic party will 
resist all attempts at renewing, 
in Congress or out of it, the agita- 
tion of the slavery question, under 
whatever shape or color the 
attempt may be made." 

"The Constitution does not 
confer upon the General Govern- 
ment the power to commence and 
carry on a general system of in- 
ternal improvements." 

" The Democratic party will 
faithfully abide by and uphold the 
principles laid down in the Ken- 
tucky and Virginia resolutions of 
1798 and 1799 . . . that it adopts 
these principles as constituting 
one of the main foundations of its 
political creed." 

A^otc. — The resolutions referred 
to affirmed the right of each State 
to judge for itself of the constitu- 
tionality of the acts of the General 
Government, and to refuse to 
submit if it deems those acts un- 
constitutional. 

Extract from platform of 1S60 : 

" The enactments of State Legis- 
latures to defeat the faithful exe- 
cution of the fugitive-slave law 
are hostile in character, subversive 
of the Constitution, and revolu- 
tionary in llieir effect." 

Extract from platform of 1864 : 
" This convention docs explic- 



RECORDS OF THF, TWO PAKIIES. 



as 



RErL-lil.ICAN Pl.ATroUMS. 

that wc call upon the Government 
to maintain tliis position and to 
prosecute the war with the utmost 
possible vigor to the complete 
su[ipression of the rebellion, the 
patriotism, the heroic valor, and 
the undying devotion of the 
American people to their country 
and its free institutions."* 

Extracts from platform of lS63 : 

" We congratulate the country 
on the assured success of the re- 
construction policy of Congress, 
as evidenced by the adoption, in 
the majority of the States lately 
in rebellion, of constitutions se- 
curing equal civil and political 
rights to ail ; and it is the duty 
of the Government to sustain 
those constitutions and to prevent 
the people of such States from 
being remitted to a state of an- 
archy." 

" We denounce all forms of re- 
pudiation as a national crime ; 
and the national honor requires 
the payment of the public indebt- 
edness in the uttermost good faith 
to all creditors at home and 
abroad, not only according to the 
letter but the spirit of the laws 
under which it was contracted." 

E.xtract from platform of 1S76 : 

"In the first act of Congress 
sip,nedby President Grant, the 
National Government assumed to 
remove any doubts of its purpose 
to discharge all just obligations to 
the public creditors, and ' solemn- 
ly pledged its faith to make pro- 
vision at the earliest practicable 
period for the redemption of the 
United States notes in coin.' 
Commercial prosperity, public 
morals, and national credit de- 
mand that this promise be fulfilled 
by a continuous and steady prog- 
ress to specie payment." 



Dl.MfK K.MIC Pl.ATFoKMS. 

illy declare, as the sense of the 
American people, that after four 
years of failuie to restore the 
Union by the experiment of w.ir 
. . . justice, Innnanily, liberty, 
and the public welfare dcman'l 
that immediate efforts be marlc 
for a cessation of hostilities, with 
a view to an ultimate convention 
of all the States or other peace- 
able means, to the end that at the 
earliest practicable moment peace 
may be resioreil on the basis of 
the Federal Union of the Slates." 

E.vtracis from platform of i863 : 

" We regard the reconstruction 
acts (so-called) of Congress, as 
such, as usurinitions and as un- 
constitutional, revolutionary, and 
void." 

[N.H. The principal "recon- 
struction acts" were the Amend- 
ments conferring upon the Negro 
the right of citizenship.] 

" Where the obligations of the 
Government do not expressly 
state upon their face, or the law 
under which they were issued 
does not provide, that they shall 
be paid in coin, they ought in 
right and justice to be paid in th'; 
lawful money of the United 
States [Greenbacks]." 

E.xtract from platform of 1876 : 

" We denounce the resumption 
clause of the Act of 1S75, and de- 
mand its repe.il." 

[N.B. The "resumption clause" 
provided for the return to specie 
payment.] 



26 



NATIONAL CHANGES UNDER REPUBLICAN RULE. 

(The Republican party had its origin in Strong, Maine, August 7, 
1854. It first came into power in 1861.) 



'I'here were 4,000,000 slaves. 

The fugitive-slave law was in full 
force. 

Eleven States, with a population 
of 9,000,000, were in open re- 
bellion. 

Because of the Rebellion, the 
currency of the Government 
depreciated to 38 cents on the 
dollar. 

In 1865 the debt of the nation 
was $2,221,311,918.29. 

In 1S60 the valuation of property 
in the United States (excluding 
slaves) was $14,000,000,000. 

In i860 there were 31,000 miles 
of railroad. 

For i860 our foreign trade aggre- 
gated $700,000,000. 

All the exports from the United 
States, previous to i860, aggre- 
gated less than $9,000,000,000. 

In i860 there were in the United 
States 2,044,077 farms, valued 
at $6,645,045,007. 

In i860 there were 140,433 manu- 
factories, paying in wages 
$378,878,966, the products being 
valued at $1,885,861,676. 

Population, 1S60, 31,443,321. 



Every slave has been freed. 

The negro has an equal right with 
the white man to cast a ballot. 



The Rebellion has been quelled, 
and the Union is intact. 



One dollar of the currency is 
worth one dollar in gold. 

In 1884 the National debt was 
$1,338,229,150. 

The valuation, in 18S0, of all prop- 
erty in the United States, was 
^44,000,000,000 — an increase 
of 214 per cent. 

In 1883 there were over 104,000 
miles of railroad. 

For 1879 oi^r foreign trade aggre- 
gated $1,150,000,000. 

All exports from the United 
States from i860 to 1884 aggre- 
gated over $12,000,000,000. 

In 1880 there were in Jhe United 
States 4,008,907 farms, valued 
at $10,197,096,776. 

In 1880 there were in the United 
States 253,852 manufactories, 
paying in wages $947-953.795. 
the products being valued aj 
$5,369,579,191- 

Population, 1880, 50,155,783. 



Increase, ^^Vj, per cent. 



TARIFF TLANKS OF TIIF. TWO I'AF^TIFS. 



RF.riTI.ICAN. 

Extract from platform of iS6o .' 

" That, while providing revenue 
for the support of the General 
Government by duties upon im- 
ports, sound policy requires such 
an adjustment of these imposts 
as to encourage the development 
of the industrial interests of the 
whole country ; and we commend 
that policy of national exchanges 
which secures to the workingm^n 
liberal wages, to agriculture re- 
munerating prices, to mechanics 
and manufacturers an adequate 
reward for their skill, labor, and 
enterprise, and to the nation com- 
mercial prosperity and indepen- 
dence." 

Extract from platform of 1S72 : 

" The annual revenue, after 
paying current expenditures, pen- 
sions, and the interest on the 
public debt, should furnish a 
moderate balance for the reduc- 
tion of the principal, and that 
revenue, except so much as may 
be derived from a tax upon 
tobacco and liquors, should be 
raised by duties upon importa- 
tions, the details of which should 
be so adjusted as to aid in secur- 
ing remunerative wages to labor 
and promote the industries, pros- 
perity, and growth of the whole 
country." 



Democratic. 

Extract from platform of iS.jS : 

"A'fsohu-i/, That the fruits «if 
the great political triumphs of 
1844 have fulfilled the hopes of 
the Democracy of the L'nion in 
the noble impulse given to the 
cause of free-trade by the repeal 
of the tariff of 1S42, and the 
creation of the more equal, honest, 
and productive tariff of 1846. ar.d 
that in our opinion it would be a 
fatal error to weaken the bands 
of a political organization by 
which these great reforms have 
been achieved, and risk them in 
the hands of their known adver- 
saries with whatever delusive ap- 
peals they may solicit our sur- 
render of that vigilance which is 
the only safeguard of liberty." 

Extract" from platforms of 1S56 

and 1S60 : 

"A'tWzvi/, That there are ques- 
tions connected with the foreign 
policy of this country which are 
inferior to no domestic question 
whatever. The time has come 
for the people of the United 
States to declare themselves in 
favor of free seas and progressive 
free-trade throughout the world, 
and, by solemn manifestations, 
to place their moral intiuence at 
the side of their successful ex- 
ample." 

Extract from platform of 1S76: 

" We denounce the present 
tariff, levied upon nearly 4'KX» 
articles, as a masterpiece of in- 
justice, inequality, and false pre- 
tence. It yields a dwindling, not 
a yearly rising revenue. It has 
impoverished many industries to 
subsidize a few. It prohibits im- 
ports that might purchase the pro- 
ducts of American labor. It has 



28 



TARIFF PLANKS OF THE TWO PARTIES. 



Republican. 



Extract from platform of iSSo : 

" We reaffirm the belief avowed 
in 1876 that the duties levied for 
the purpose of revenue should so 
discriminate as to favor American 
labor." 

Extract from platform of 1S84 : 

" It is the first duty of a good 
government to protect the rights 
and promote the interests of its 
own people. The largest diver- 
sity of industry is most productive 
of general prosperity and of the 
comfort of and independence of 
the people. We therefore de- 
mand that the imposition of duties 
on foreign imports shall be made 
not for revenue only, but that in 
raising the requisite revenues for 
the Government such duties shall 
be so levied as to afford security 
to our diversified industries and 
protection to the rights and v/ages 
of the laborer, to the end that 
active and intelligent labor, as 
well as capita], may have its just 
award and the laboring man his 
full share in the national pros- 
perity. Against the so-called 
economic system of the Demo- 
cratic partv, which would degrade 
our labor to the foreign standard, 
we enter our earnest protest." 



Democratic, 

degraded American commerce 
from the first to an inferior rank 
on the high seas. It has cut 
down the sales of American 
manufacturers at home and abroad 
and depleted the returns of 
American agriculture — an indus- 
try followed by half of our people. 
It costs the people five times 
more than it produces to the 
Treasury, obstructs the processes 
of production, and wastes the 
fruits of labor. It promotes 
fraud, fosters smuggling, enriches 
dishonest officials, and bankrupts 
honest merchants. We demand 
that all custom-house taxation 
shall be only for revenue." 

Extract from platform of iSSo : 

" Home rule, honest money, 
consisting of gold, silver, and 
paper, convertible on demand ; 
the strict maintenance of the 
public faith. State and national, 
and a tariff for revenue only," 

Extract from platform of 1S84 : 

"The Democratic party is 
pledged to revise the tariff in a 
spirit of fairness to all interests. 
But in making reduction in taxes, 
it is not proposed to injure any 
domestic industries, but rather to 
promote their healthy growth. 
From the foundation of this 
Government taxes collected at 
the Custom-House have been the 
chief source of Federal revenue. 
Such they must continue to be. 
jMoreover, many industries have 
come to rely upon legislation for 
successful continuance, so that 
any change of law must be at 
every step regardful of the labor 
and capital thus involved. The 
process of reform must be sub- 
ject in the execution to this plain 
dictate of justice- — all taxation 
shall be limited to the require- 
ments of economical government. 



TF.STIMONIES ON 1 IIK TAUIll' (JUKSTION. 



Repuulican. 



Dkmdckatic. 

The necessary reiluction in tax- 
ation can and must be effected 
without depriving American labor 
of the ability to compete success- 
fully with foreign labor, and with- 
out imposing lower rates of duty 
than will be ample to cover any 
increased cost of production 
which may exist in consequence 
of the higher rate of wages pre- 
vailing in this country. Sufficient 
revenue to pay all the expenses 
of the Federal Government, eco- 
nomically administered, including 
pensions, interest, and principal 
of the public debt, can be got 
under our present system of tax- 
ation from custom-house taxes on 
fewer imported articles, bearing 
heaviest on articles of luxury and 
bearing lightest on articles of 
necessity. We therefore denounce 
the abuse of the existing tariff, 
and, subject to the preceding limi- 
tations, we demand that Federal 
taxation shall be exclusively for 
public purposes, and shall not 
e.xceed the needs of the Govern- 
ment economically administered." 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



Protection in America. 

Abraham Lincoln : 

" 1 am in favor of the internal 
improvement system, and a high 
protective tariff." 

Henry Clay : 

" The proposition to be main- 
tained by our adversaries is, that 
manufactures, without protec- 
tion, will, in due time, spring up 
in the country and sustain them- 
selves, in competition with foreign 
fabrics, however advanced the 
arts and whatever the degree of 
protection may be in foreign 
countries. Now, I contend that 



Free Trade in Enc.i.and. 

Lord Godrricli, in House of Lords : 
"Other nations knew, as well 
as the noble lord opposite, and 
those who acted with him, that 
what we (the English) meant by 
free trade, was nothing more nor 
less than, by means of the great 
advantages we enjoyed, to get the 
monopoly of all their markets for 
our manufactures, and to prevent 
them, one and all, from ever be- 
coming manufacturing nations." 

David Syinc, an advocate of free 
trade : 
"The manner in which Eng- 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



Protection in America. 

this proposition is refuted by all 
experience, ancient and modern, 
in every country. If I am asked 
wliy unprotected industry should 
not succeed in a struggle with 
protected industry, I answer, the 
fact has ever been so, and that is 
sufficient ; I reply that uniform 
experience evinces that it cannot 
succeed in such a struggle, and 
that is sufficient. If we speculate 
on the causes of this universal 
truth, we may differ about them. 
Still, the indisputable fact re- 
mains." 

Alexander IlamiUon : 

"But though it were true that 
the immediate and certain effect 
of a tariff was an increase of 
price, it is universally true that 
the contrary is the ultimate effect 
with every successful manufacture. 
When a domestic manufacture 
has attained to perfection, and 
has engaged in the prosecution of 
it a competent number of per- 
sons, it can be afforded, and ac- 
cordingly seldom or never fails to 
be sold cheaper, in process of 
time, than the foreign article for 
which it is a substitute. The in- 
ternal competition which takes 
place soon does away with every- 
thing like monopoly, and by de- 
grees reduces the price of the 
article to the minimum of a rea- 
sonable profit on the capital em- 
ployed. This accords with the 
reason of the thing and with ex- 
perience." 

Benjamin Frankli)! : 

" Every manufacturer encour- 
aged in our country makes part 
of a market for provisions within 
ourselves and saves so much 
money to this country as must 
otherwise be e.xported for the 
manufactures he supplies." 



Free Trade in E.ngland. 

lish capital is used to maintain 
her manufacturing supremacy is 
well understood abroad. In any 
quarter of the globe where a com- 
petition shows itself as likely to 
interfere with her monopoly, im- 
mediately the capital of her manu- 
facturers is massed in that partic- 
ular quarter, and goods are 
exported in large quantities and 
Sold at such prices that outside 
competition is effectually counted 
out. English manufacturers have 
been known to export goods to a 
distant market and sell them un- 
der cost for years, with a view to 
getting the market into their own 
hands again." 

Sir Edioard Snliivan, in iSSi, 
speaking of the laboring classes 
in England : 

"Whatever the wealth of the 
country may be, it has not pene- 
trated down to them. Every 
year this wealth is accumulating 
into fewer hands ; every year the 
gulf between rich and poor be- 
comes deeper and broader. It is 
calculated that there are at this 
moment 14,500,000 of the people 
with less than lo.f. 6(/. ($2. 62) a week 
to live on. The operatives look 
abroad, and they see and hear 
from their mates what is the con- 
dition of national wealth in France 
and America, that there the fertil- 
izing stream has descended to all 
classes, and they find the very re- 
verse is the case : that wealth is 
daily becoming more £ enerally 
distributed, that every year the 
gulf betv/een rich and poor is get- 
ting narrower and shallower. 
They see and hear that the oper- 
atives in France and America 
have far steadier work, higher 
wages in jiroportion, and are in- 
creasing more rapidly in material 
prosperity than the work-people 



TESTIMONIES ON THE TARIFF QUESTION. 



3^ 



Protection in Amf.uica. 

Thomas Jt'/fersoit : 

" To cultivate peace, and main- 
tain commerce and navigation in 
all their lawful enterprises, to 
foster our fisheries, as nurseries 
of naviijation ami for the nurlure 
of man, and to [irotect the manu- 
factures adapted to our circum- 
stances — these are the landmarks 
by which we arc to guide our- 
selves." 

Jatucs Miufison : 

" The revision of our commer- 
cial laws, proper to adapt them 
to the arrangement which has 
taken place with Great Britain, 
will doubtless engage the early 
attention of Congress. It will be 
worthy at the same lime of their 
just and provident care io make 
such alleration in the laws as will 
especially protect and foster the sev- 
eral branches of manufacture. " 

Danii'l ]Vebster : 

"The term (protection) was 
well understood in our colonial 
history, and if we go back to the 
history of the Constitution, and of 
the convention which adopted it, 
we shall find that everywhere, 
when masses of men were as- 
sembleil, and the wants of the 
jieoplc were brought forth into 
prominence, the idea was held up 
that domestic industry could not 
prosper, manufactures and the 
mechanic arts coulil not advance, 
the condition of the common 
country could not be carried up 
to any considerable elevation, 
unless there should be one gov- 
ernment, to lay one rate of duty 
upon imports throughout the 
Union, from New Hampshire to 
Georgia ; regard to be had, in 
laying this duty, to the protection 
of American labor and industry. 
I defy the man in any degree 
conversant with history, in any 



Frkk TiiADu IN England. 

of Great Rrilain, and they are be- 
ginning to ask why. They know 
that they are, man for man, as 
good as their rivals ; iliat in me- 
chanical skill, in aptitude for hard 
work, in mineral wealth, in na- 
tional capital, etc.. they arc Ihc-ir 
superiors. Why, then, arc they 
not ecpially advancing in material 
prospciity ?" 

A prominent manufacturer, in 
Bradford, England, the centre 
of the worsted industry : 
"The truth is, the higher the 
foreign tariff the lower we must 
make our goods and the less we 
can afford to pay labor. The 
least possible reduction in the 
United States tariff will be a 
grand thing for Bradford, but 
how it will affect your industries 
I can hardly say. We are obliged 
to sell our goods in France for 
the same price as we did before 
they enacted their higher tariff, 
and the Bradford manufacturer is 
paying that duty, not the French 
consumers of the goods. I know 
from practical expcrieruc what 
1 am talking about." 

I'homas Qirlyle : 

" British industrial existence 
seems fast becoming one huge 
poison swamp of reckless pesti- 
lence, physical .'-.nd nior;d, a 
hideous living Golgotha of souls 
and bodiis burie<l alive. . . . 
Thirty thousand outcast needle- 
women working themselves swift- 
ly to death ; three million pau- 
pers rotting in forced idleness, 
and t'lese are but items in the 
sad ledger of despair." 

Inspector of Police, Leeds, England, 
was asked, in 1S82, by Robt. P. 
Porter, the following ques- 
tion : 
" In your fifteen years' cxpcri- 



34 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES. 



])ed, instead of working their weary arms in shaping, in the still small 
hours of the morning, molten iron into the form of nails. Here is the 
picture drawn by a writer in 'J'hc London Standard, who actually wit- 
nessed it two or three nights ago : 

"'The remuneration they receive is incredibly small. It is no unusual thing — on 
the contrarj', it is rather the usual custom — for a family of three or four persons, after 
working something like fourteen hours a tiny, to earn £i ($5) in a week. But out of 
this money there has to be deducted is. 3d. for carriage to convey the nails to the 
' gaffers, ' as they are termed in the district ; then there is allowance to be made for 
fuel and the repairmg of the machinerj', which reduces the £1 to about i6s. gd, ($4.18) 
for thre'" people — for three people who have commenced to woik every morning at half 
past seven or eight, and who have worked on through all the weary day, with no sub- 
stantial food, until late at night.' 

" These poor laborers rarely or never taste meat from one week's end 
to the other. In the expressive but simple language of one work- 
woman, this is how they fare : ' When the bread comes hot from the 
bakehouse oven on Saturday, we eat it like ravenous wolves.' The 
scenes of misery — misery so deep and dreadful that the most graphic 
pen can only faintly convey its depth of sorrow — that are witnessed 
in this region would hardly be believed in the United States, and were 
I not quoting from English authority of the highest character I should 
be fearful of laying myself open to the charge of prejudice, so fre- 
quently made against those who would rather elevate than degrade 
labor, and who do not want cheapness at suc'n a fearful cost. Women, 
within a few days of their confinement, have been known to work in 
the agon)' of exhaustion, in order to earn a few pence, at the ' hearth ' 
• — not the ' hearth ' of home, which England, especially at this season 
of the year, so fondly boasts of, but the ' hearth ' of the forge. They 
have been known to return to work in a day or two after childbirth, 
'emaciated in constitution, weak and weary for the want of simple 
nourishment.' Their children, ragged and ill-fed, have had to lead 
miserable and wretched lives, with no hope before them but a life of 
wickedness and vice." 



THE TARIFF AND WAGES. 

In Thrf.ad Factoriks. 

Tiie following table was compiled, in 18S3, by the Clarke Thread 
Co., from the pay-rolls of their large factories in Newark, N. J., and 
Paisley, Scotland : 



Great Britain. 

Weekly w.ages. 

Cop-winders $3-50 

Finishers 2.50 

Reelers 4.25 

Spoolers 3.25 

Foremen 7.C0 

Pickers . 4.12 

Hank-winders 3.75 



United States. 

Weekly wages. 

Cop-winders $8. 00 

Finishers 5.50 

Reelers S.oo 

Spoolers S.oo 

Foremen 20.00 

Pickers 7.00 

Hank-winders 7.00 



THK TAUllT AND WAGES. 



35 



In Ii«>n Mil is. 

The report of the U. S. Tariff Comniission, 1SS2, gives llic following 
as the wages paid in iron mills in England, under free trade, and 

in Pittsburg, Pa., under protection : 



Great Britaii:. 

Puddlers, per ton $1-94 

Shinglers, " " 29 

Rollersin puddle mill, perton 29 
Rollers and heaters, " " i.So 
Common laborers (per day), 

56 (<3 72 



United Stales. 

Puddlers, per ton $5- 5" 

Shinglers, " " 77 

Rollersin puddle inill, per ion fiSJ^ 
Rollers and healers, " " 4. So 
Common laborers (per day), 

$1.30(1^1.50 



In Woolen Mills. 

This tabic and those which follow it have been taken from the letters 
in the N. Y. 7'ribicirf, of Robert P. Porter, member of the U. S. 
Tariff Commission of 18S2. The figures for Great Hritain and Ger- 
many were obtained by personal investigation, inspection of i)ay-rolls, 
etc. ; those for the United States from the reports of the Massachusetts 
Bureau of Statistics, and other equally reliable sources. 



Great Britain ( Yorkshire). 

Weekly w.Tges. 

Wool sorters .$6 00 

Washers and scourers (men) 5.75 

Dyers 5. 75 

Dyers (young) 3.00 

Carders (men) 5.00 

" (women) 3.25 

" (young) 2.50 

Spinners (men) 5.00 

" (women) 3.00 

(young) 2.50 

Weavers (men) 5.00 

" (women) 3.50 

Giggers (men) 5.00 

Shearers (men) 5.25 

Mechanics 7. 50 

Engineers 7.50 

Firemen 6.00 

Watchmen 5 00 

Laborers 4-5'^ 



United States (.l/assae/i itsetts). 

Weekly wages. 

Wool sorters $ 9.43 

Washers and scourers (men) 8.84 

Dyers (men) . . 7. Si 

Dyers (young) 5. 12 

Carders (men) S. 12 

" (women) 5.39 

" (young) 4.53 

Spinners (men) 9.05 

" (women) 6.1 3 

(young) 4-92 

Weavers (men) S.53 

" (women) 7.45 

Giggers (men) "J.on 

Shearers (men) S.05 

Mechanics '3-43 

Engineers 11.07 

Fireman 8.00 

W.ilchmen 963 

Laborers 8.58 



TilK TARIFF AND WAGES. 



In Potteries. 



Great Britain. 

Weekly wages. 

Flat pressor l7-70 

Dish maker 9.62 

Cup " g.g2 

Saucer " 7.93 

Hand-basin maker g.66 

Ilollow-vvare presser S.14 

" g'gger 11.62 

Printer 6.55 

Ovenman 6.86 

Sagger maker 8. 46 

Mould " 10.23 

Turner 8.00 

Handler , 8.39 



United States. 

Weekly wages. 

Flat presser $20.30 

Dish maker 19-43 

Cup " 19-67 

Saucer " 18.58 

Hand-basin maker 19-73 

Hollow-ware presser i7-90 

" g'gger 21.89 

Printer 13-56 

Ovenman ,.... 13.18 

Sagger maker 19.33 

Mould " 20.79 

Turner 16.97 

Handler 16.62 



In Glasgow, Scotland. 



Glasgow is one of the largest centres of the iron and steel indus- 
tries, ship-building, and the industry in textile fabrics. In rate of 
wages and cost of living it compares favorably with any other portion 
of England, Scotland, or Ireland. 



IVeekty Wages. 

Blacksmiths $7-87 

Engineers 7.87 

General smiths 7. 87 

Bootmakers 7. 50 

Bricklayers -. 8.50 

Cabinetmakers 7. 87 

Calenderers 7.00 

Curriers 6.50 

Coopers 6.25 

Gilders 7.87 

Joiners and liouse carpenters 7.87 
Laborers 5.00 



Cost of Living. 
Oatmeal per stone (14 lbs.) .$0 
Potatoes per stone (14 lbs.). . 
Beef, first quality, per lb. . . . 
Beef, second quality, per lb. 
Beef, third quality, per lb. . .. 

Bacon, per lb 

Pork, per lb 

Bread, first quality, per 4 li). 
Bread, second quality " 
Siveetmilk, per half gallon.. 
Buttermilk, per Scotch pinl. 
Cheese, per lb , 



•54 
12 

25 
18 

14 

iS 
i3 
17 
15 
16 
02 
16 



TIIF. TARII T \\l> \V \';i 



37 



Wf.kki.y Wagrs. 
Leltcr-prcss printers and 

book work $8.25 

Do., newspaper offices 10.00 

Masons 7. 87 

Moulders 8.50 

Painters 7.S7 

Plasterers 7.87 

Plumbers 7.87 

Porters in shops ami ware- 
houses 5.00 

Sawyers (by piece) 6.75 

Slaters 7.S7 

Tailors 7. 50 

Turners and fitters 7.87 



t.^i oF LlVINH. 

Fresh butter, per lb ♦^•32 

Salt butler, per lb 27 

Black lea, per lb 50 

Brown sugar, per lb 05 

Brown soap, per lb 05 

Black soap, per lb . . 06 

Coal, per cwt i^ 



In Gekma.nv. 



Under Free Trade, 1878. 

Weekly wages. 

Bakers f3-5o 

Blacksmiths 3.50 

Bricklayers 367 

Carpenters 4.07 

Laborers 2.92 

Plasterers 3- 80 



After "iyrs. of Proteclion, 1S81. 
Weekly w.ipc«. 

Bakers Board and $3.50 

Blacksmiths 6.50 

Bricklayers 5. 50 

Carpenters 5.50 

Laborers 3.50 

Plasterers 5.50 



In a report just received at the State Department at WashinRton. 
from Consul-Gencral Vogelcr, of Frankfort-onihe-Main, Germany, 
after telling of the favorable results of the adoption of the Protective 
policy in 1S79, he quotes the GOVERNMENT as follows : 

"The reform of our tariff law of July 15, iS7(). has in a general 
way brought about the desired results, in this, that it has not only 
produced a decided increase of revenue, which has Rreally relieved 
the financial situation of the several German States, but has also 
strongly fostered the industrial activity of the nation." 

In a report just received from Consul Warren, of Dusscldorf, 
Germany, he gives the following figures, taken from the report of the 
German Iron and Steel Association, embracing 320 iron mills, foun- 
dries, and machine shops : 

Increase in no. of workmen, since 1879. 50,306, or 32.2 per cent. 

Increase in wages per mo., since 1879, $1,087,643, or 52.2 "' " 



33 



ELECTORAL VOTE OF THE STATES. 



Republican in 1S76 and iSSo. 
No. of 

Electors. 

Illinois 22 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 9 

Maine 6 

Massachusetts 14 

Michigan 13 

Minnesota 7 

Nebraska 5 

New Hampshire 4 

Ohio 23 

Oregon 3 

Pennsylvania 30 

Rhode Island 4 

Vermont 4 

Wisconsin, 11 

Total i63 

Republican in 1S80 only. 

No. of 
Electors. 

Conneclicut 6 

Indiana 1=; 

New York 36 

Colorado 3 

Total 60 



Democratic in 1S76 and 1880. 

No. of 
Electors. 

Alabama 10 

Arkansas 7 

Delaware 3 

Georgia 12 

Kentucky 13 

Maryland S 

Mississippi g 

Missouri 16 

New Jersey 9 

North Carolina 11 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 13 

Virginia ... 12 

West Virginia 6 

Total 141 



Democratic in iSSq only. 

No. of 
Electors. 

California 8 

Florida 4 

Louisiana 8 

Nevada 3 

South Carolina 9 



Total 32 

Total Electoral Vote in 18S4, 399. 
Necessary to elect, 200. 

Time of Elections : In all the States the vote for Presidential 
electors is held Nov. 4. State elections occur previously to that date, 
as follows : In Arkansas, for State officers and Legislature, Sept. i ; 
in Vermont, for State oflicers and Legislature, Sept. 2 ; in Maine, for 
Governor, Legislature, and Congressmen, Sept. 8 ; in Georgia, for 
Governor and Legislature, Oct. i ; in Ohio, foi State oflicers and Con- 
gressmen, Oct. 14 ; in West Virginia, foi State officers, Legislature, 
and Congicssmcn Oct. 14. 



Holl 

pH 

Mill Rur 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



013785 819 8 



